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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


C 
C 
n 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  c 


1H 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


productions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Tachnical  and  Bibliofiraphic  Notas/Notas  tac 


Tha  Instituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  avaiiabia  for  fiiming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographicaiiy  uniqua, 
which  may  aitar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


D 


Colourad  covars/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


|~~|   Covars  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagAa 


D 


Covars  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raittaurAa  at/ou  pallicul6a 


I      I   Covar  titia  missing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


I      ]   Colourad  maps/ 


Carter  gtographiquas  an  coulaur 


□    Colourad  ink  (i.e.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 

□   Colourad  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planchas  at/ou  illustrations  an  coulaur 


D 


Bound  with  othar  material/ 
Rali6  avac  d'autras  documents 


D 


Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  la  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 


D 


Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lore  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  la  texte, 
mais,  iorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  Ati  filmdas. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentairas  supplAmentaires: 


This  Item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

C:i  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  rMuction  indlqu*  ci-dessous. 

1GX  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


10X 


20X 


phic  Notat/Notes  techniques  et  bibliogrftphiques 


••t 

of  this 
i. 

lange 
alow. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm6  la  maiilaur  examplaira 
qu'il  iui  a  *t«  possible  da  se  procurer.  Les  details 
da  cet  exemplaira  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibllographiqua,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  ln^.ss«  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exfger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thoda  normaia  de  fiimaga 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


black)/ 
I  ou  noire) 


ur 


r  distortion 

ibre  ou  de  la 
ure 

>n  may 
>8sible,  these 

hes  ajout6es 
dans  le  texte, 
s  pages  n'ont 


D 
D 
D 


y 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdas  et/ou  pelliculAes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d4color6es.  tachat^es  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachies 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in6gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refllmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partlellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc  ,  ont  it*  filmdes  ji  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


checked  below/ 

ion  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

BX  22X         ^y 

zr 


26X 


30X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


n 

32X 


Th«  copy  filmsd  h«r«  ha*  b««n  r«produc«d  thank* 
to  th*  o*n*ro*ity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


L'axt 

a*n« 


Th*  imag**  appaaring  hara  ara  th*  ba*t  qu*llty 
po**ibl*  con*id*ring  th*  condition  and  iagibiiity 
off  tha  original  copy  and  in  icaaping  with  tha 
ffilming  contract  *p*cific*tiona. 


L**l 

plus 

d*la 

conf' 

filmi 


Original  copia*  in  printad  papar  covar*  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  iilustratad  impra*- 
•ion.  or  th*  b*ck  cov*r  wh*n  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copiat  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  iilustratad  impres- 
sion, and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printed 
or  iiluatratad  impression. 


Les  i 
papi 
par  I 
darn 
d'im 
plat, 
origl 
pren 
dim 
ladi 
amp 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — »•  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

IMaps.  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Un( 
derr 
cas: 
sym 

Les 
film 
Lora 
repr 
de  I 
et  d 
d'ln^ 
illua 


1 

2 

4 

5 

L'«x«mplair«  film*  fut  raproduit  grAc*  i  la 
g*n*rotitA  d«: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

Lm  imagM  sulvantat  ont  At*  raprodultat  avac  la 
plus  grand  soln,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  I'axamplaira  film*,  at  an 
conformit*  avac  laa  conditions  du  contrat  da 
fllmaga. 

Laa  axamplairas  origlnaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  ast  imprim*a  sont  film*8  an  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darni*ra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'Imprassion  ou  d'illuttration,  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  axamplairas 
origlnaux  sont  film*s  an  commandant  par  la 
prami*ra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'Imprassion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darni*ra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 

Un  das  symbolas  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darni*ra  image  da  chaqua  microficha.  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  —•'  signifia  "A  SUIVRE  ",  la 
symbols  V  signifia  "FIN  ". 

Las  cartas,  planchas,  tablaaux,  etc.,  peuvent  *tre 
film*s  *  des  taux  de  r*duction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  *tre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich*,  il  est  film*  *  partir 
de  Tangle  sup*rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  *  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  ^n  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n*cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m*thode. 


2  3 

5  6 


[From  Procectliiigs  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science.    Vol.  49,  1900.] 


The  Caikns  of  British  Columbia  and  Washington.  By  Harlan  I. 
Smith,  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

One  of  the  kinds  of  burial,  on  southeastern  Vancouver  Island  in  British 
Columbia,  on  the  San  Juan  group,  and  on  Wbidbey  Island  in  Washington, 
was  in  stone  cairns.  This  method  of  burial  is  known  to  have  antedated 
contact  with  the  whites  by  a  considerable  period.  The  stone  structures 
are  usuallv  located  on  slopes,  with  a  gravelly  soil,  which  are  strewn  with 
angular  bowlders,  and  near  the  sea.  So  far  as  we  know  they  are  always 
within  a  mile  of  shell-heaps. 

Ill  general  the  cairns  consist  of  irregular  piles  of  bowlders,  from  three 
to  twenty  feet  in  diameter.  One  is  found  over  each  body,  which  in  some 
cases,  are  found  surrounde<l  by  a  more  or  less  rectangular  cyst  formed  by 
placing  the  slraightest  sides  of  several  bowlders  towards  it,  and  covering 
the  opening  thus  formed  with  one,  two  or  more  slab-shaped  rocks  of  like 
character.  In  some  cases  there  are  the  slab-like  stones  over  the  grave 
but  the  vault  is  not  well-formed,  if  present  at  all,  and  in  other  cases  the 
cover  stones  are  .so  small  that  they  do  not  fonii  a  protecting  roof  over  the 
body.  Over  the  cyst  the  rough  pile  of  the  cairn  was  reared.  It  is  fre- 
quently bounded  by  a  single  row  of  large  stones  while  the  filling  between 
this  wall  and  the  vault  is  of  small  fragments,  bowlders,  and  in  some  cases 
largelyof  soil  ormixturesof  these  materials.  Rectangular  cairns  have  been 
found  where  the  outer  row  had  been  carried  up  so  as  to  form  a  retaining 
wall  making  the  whole  structure  similar  to  a  truncated  pyramid.  Cairns 
were  also  found  in  which  the  body  was  placed  at  the  side  of  a  large 
IxJwlder  and  covere<l  with  small  bowlders  piled  up  against  the  large  rock. 

The  skeleton,  which  was  placed  on  the  side  in  the  usual  flexed  position, 
is  found  on  the  original  surface  of  the  soil,  sunken  into  it  or  in  a  shallow 


92171 


Pacific  N.W.HistO'''  ^^  r 

PROVINCIAL.   LiDr?ARy 
VICTORIA,  B.  e. 


SECTION    H. 


hole  dug  down  into  the  surface  soil  or  in  some  cases  even  into  the  gravel 
below.  It  is  often  much  decayed,  especially  in  the  cairns  near  Victoria, 
where  complete  skulls  are  rarely  obtained.  In  forty-two  cairns  excr.vated 
there  no  entire  bones  were  secured.  At  North  Saanich,  and  near  Coupe- 
ville,  however,  complete  skeletons  have  been  collected. 

A  few  copper  ornaments  have  been  found  buried  with  the  skeletons  an<l 
a  .stone  object  was  secured  from  among  the  top  stones  of  one  cnirn. 

The  cairn  building  culture,  so  far  as  recorded  in  this  area,  seems  to  be 
practically  a  unit.  The  cairns  are  perhaps  most  highly  developed  in  the 
vicinity  of  Victoria  which  is  near  the  centre  of  their  present  known  dis- 
tribjition.  The  slight  variations  in  the  different  localities  seem  likely  to 
be  due  to  carelessness,  poverty  of  the  builders  or  lack  of  preferable  mate- 
rials, rather  than  to  a  diflferent  culture.  The  cairn  building  cultuie  is  ex- 
tinct. None  of  the  present  Indians  build  cairns  or  know  of  any  people 
who  have. 

The  skeletons  are  sometimes  burned,  but  the  evtdences  of  fire  in  the 
cairns  do  not  seem  sufficient  to  conclude  that  the  bodies  were  burned  in 
the  vaults.  The  skulls  show  a  variety  of  types  and  deformations,  both 
post-  and  ante-mortem,  and  are  not  considered  in  this  paper.  The  scarcity 
of  specimens  of  any  kind  in  the  graves  is  remarkable,  and  its  counterpart 
is  found  with  the  skeletons  in  the  shell-heaps,  especially  of  the  Lower 
Fraser,  where  objects,  save  for  a  few  pieces  of  copper,  were  seldom 
found  associated  with  the  skeleton,  except  by  accident. 

The  bunal  mounds  of  the  region  present  similarities  of  structure  to  the 
cairns  and  one  may  be  derived  from  the  other.  On  the  other  hand  some 
cairns  seem  to  have  degenerated  until  they  are  no  more  than  a  s^one-heap 
over  a  grave. 

The  cairns  are  always  near  the  coast  shell-heaps,  in  which  few  skeletons 
aire  found  and  those  are  often  in  disorder.  Possibly  the  cairns  are  the 
burials  of  some  of  the  people  who  made  the  shell-heaps. 


[Note  :  To  be  published  in  full  as  Part  II,  Vol.  IV. 
Museum  of  Natural  History] . 


of  Memoirs  of  the  American 


Archeoi,ogical  Investigations  on  the  North  Pacific  Coast  in 
1899.'    By  HARI.AN  I.  Smith. 

•  Prr  inted  before  the  Section  of  Anthropology  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Ad  -cement  of  Science,  New  York,  1900,  and  published  »)y  authority  of  the  trus 
lees  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  the  "American  Anthropologist" 
(N.S.),  Vol.  2,  July-September,  1900. 


